UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA   PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


AGRICULTURE  IN  CUT-OVER 
REDWOOD   LANDS 


BY 


WARREN  T.  CLARKE 


Cut-over  redwood  lands  used  for  pasture  purposes.     Note  sucker  growth  about 
stumps  and  spareity  of  grasses. 


BULLETIN  No.  350 

October,  1922 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY 

1922 


David  P.  Barrows,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPEEIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS   OF   DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Dean. 

Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

,  Director  of  Eesident  Instruction. 

C.  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science,  Director  of  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

B.  H.  Crocheron,  Director  of  Agricultural  Extension. 

C.  B.   Hutchison,  Plant  Breeding,  Director  of  the  Branch   of  the  College   of 

Agriculture,  Davis. 
H.  J.  Webber,  Sub-tropical  Horticulture,  Director  of  Citrus  Experiment  Station. 
William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
Ealph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 
John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 
Fritz  W.  Woll,  Animal  Nutrition. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
H.  P.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
Elwood  Mead,  Eural  Institutions. 
H.  S.  Eeed,  Plant  Physiology. 
L.  D.  Batchelor,  Orchard  Management. 
W.  L.  Howard,  Pomology. 
*Frank  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 

C.  L.  Eoadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 
E.  L.  Adams,  Farm  Management. 

W.  B.  Herms,  Entomology  and  Parasitology. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 

D,  E,  Holland,  Plant  Nutrition. 
G.  H.  Hart,  Veterinary  Science. 

L.  J.  Fletcher,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
Edwin  C.  Voorhies,  Assistant  to  the  Dean. 


*  In  cooperation  with  Division  of  Agricultural  Engineering,  Bureau  of  Public  Roads,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


AGRICULTURE  IN  CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 

By  WARREN  T.  CLARKE 


The  present  value  of  the  redwood  forests  of  the  state  of  California 
and  the  increasing  area  of  cut-over  redwood  lands  resulting  from  the 
logging  work  that  is  being  done  make  the  future  use  of  these  cut-over 
lands  a  problem  of  great  economic  importance  to  the  state.  In  view 
of  the  increasingly  insistent  demands  of  our  civilization  for  lumber, 
it  seems  that  the  most  natural  and  advantageous  use  to  which  these 
redwood  forests  can  be  put  is  the  continued  production  of  timber. 
But  attempts  are  being  made  to  use  the  lands  for  other  purposes,  in 
particular  agricultural,  without,  however,  a  full  knowledge  of  all 
the  conditions  to  be  met.  The  following  study  on  agriculture  in  cut- 
over  redwood  lands  is  therefore  offered  in  the  hope  that  it  may 
contribute  to  the  final  solution  of  the  problem. 

The  ordinary  redwood,  Sequoia  sempervirens,  is  indigenous  to  the 
northwestern  coastal  section  of  the  state.  The  fringe  of  its  southern 
limit  is  to  be  found  in  lower  Santa  Cruz  and  upper  Monterey  counties. 
It  thrives  on  the  west  slope  of  the  Coast  Range  to  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  state  (Fig.  1).  It  forms  vast  forests  that  cover 
valleys,  hills,  and  mountains  with  a  heavy  panoply  of  green.  It  has 
successfully  occupied  some  one  million  three  hundred  thousand 
acres  of  land  in  the  following  counties :  Santa  Cruz,  San  Mateo,  Marin, 
Sonoma,  Mendocino,  Humboldt,  and  Del  Norte.  Of  this  occupied  area 
some  three  hundred  thousand  acres  have  been  cut  over,  leaving  a  vast 
area  still  to  feel  the  woodsman's  axe.  Two  hundred  thousand  of  the 
cut-over  acres  are  producing  second  growth  timber  of  at  least  fair 
quality,  while  one  hundred  thousand  acres  are  at  present  unproduc- 
tive or  but  meagerly  productive.  The  present  stand  of  redwood  may 
be  estimated  as  approximately  seventy-two  billion,  two  hundred  and 
eight  million  board  feet  (figures  taken  from  "Report  on  Senate  Reso- 
lution 311,  by  Forest  Service,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  June 
1,  1920"),  with  a  low  estimated  value  of  near  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
nine  millions  of  dollars.  From  these  figures  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
redwood  covers  a  very  considerable  area  of  land  and  that  about 
seventy-seven  per  cent  of  the  redwood  forest  of  the  state  is  still  uncut. 

The  redwoods  occupy  the  west  exposure  of  the  Coast  Range,  lands 
that  are  generally  hilly  to  mountainous.  Naturally,  valleys  small  or 
large,  are  to  be  found  in  such  areas.  Some  of  these  valleys  are  either 
forest  covered  now  or  have  been  so  covered  before  they  were  cut  over 


168  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

in  logging  operations.  In  the  region,  too,  are  to  be  found  certain 
fertile,  well  watered  valleys  that  have  never  carried  redwood  trees. 
These  latter  valleys  are  now  being  handled,  with  a  fair  degree  of 
success,  in  general  farming  operations  and  in  some  of  the  better 
sections  a  highly  specialized  agriculture,  such  as  apple  raising  in  parts 
of  Santa  Cruz,  Sonomo  and  Mendocino  counties,  is  carried  on.  These 
naturally  clear  valleys  in  the  redwood  belt  may  be  eliminated  from 
a  study  of  cut-over  lands.  They  are  being  successfully  utilized  now. 
Our  problem  has  to  deal  with  the  smaller  unutilized  or  but  partly 
worked  valleys  and  gentler  slopes  that  may  be  called  stump  lands,  that 
is,  lands  that  at  some  time  carried  more  or  less  dense  forests  of  redwood 
trees  with  perhaps  a  sprinkling  of  Douglas  fir. 


SOILS 

The  redwood  thrives  on  many  different  kinds  of  soil.  It  flourishes 
in  the  rich,  deep,  alluvial  lands  of  certain  valleys ;  it  grows  well  on  the 
shales  which  are  found  in  many  parts  of  its  habitat ;  good  specimens 
are  found  in  abundance  on  shallow,  sandy  soils  underlaid  with  imper- 
vious clays;  springy,  muck  lands  also  unlerlaid  with  clay  at  greater 
or  less  depths  bear  their  quota  of  redwoods ;  we  find  splendid  trees  on 
gravelly  loams  by  stream  sides.  Indeed  no  one  soil  can  be  said  to 
be  characteristically  a  redwood  soil ;  it  thrives  on  practically  all  classes 
of  land  within  its  habitat. 

It  is  a  feature  of  the  redwood  belt,  that  is  very  marked,  that  soil 
conditions  vary  greatly  within  limited  areas  and  no  large  section  of 
a  uniform  soil  type  is  to  be  found  in  the  valleys  and  slopes  of  the 
cut-over  regions.  That  these  soils  are  well  supplied  with  such  elements 
as  may  be  necessary  to  well  support  plant  life  is  attested  by  the 
vigorous  growth  of  such  plants  as  have  adapted  themselves  to  the 
conditions.  Redwoods,  Douglas  fir,  tan-bark  oak,  madrone,  huckle- 
berry, greasewood,  ceanothus  (wild  lilac,  blue  blossom,  tick  brush), 
all  of  these  and  many  other  plants  may  be  found  growing  well  and 
thriving  on  these  soils  when  openings  occur  which  allow  the  sunlight 
to  enter. 

This  great  diversity  of  soils,  however,  offers  a  grave  problem 
to  the  would-be  farmer.  It  is  a  fairly  well  established  fact  that 
certain  cultivated  crops  thrive  on  given  types  of  soils  while  they  do 
poorly  and  languish  on  certain  other  types.  It  seems  to  be  well 
demonstrated  through  many  observations  made  by  the  writer  that 
because  of  these  diverse  soil  conditions  agriculture  on  such  lands  is 
patchy  and  for  this  reason,  if  for  no  other,  unsatisfactory.    To  be  sure, 


Bulletin  350] 


AGRICULTURE  IN    CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 


169 


the  native  growths  thrive  owing,  no  doubt,  to  adaptations  following 
many  years  of  struggle.  The  handler  of  these  lands  can  ill  afford  to 
await  such  adaptation  of  many  of  the  ordinary  crops.    If  the  soil  type 


Fig.    1. — Uncut    redwood    forest    on    West    slope    of    Coast    Eange,    California. 
Photograph  from  Associate  Professor  W.  Metcalf,  Forestry  Division 

areas  were  larger  there  is  no  doubt  that  crops  of  economic  importance 
could  be  found  that  would  thrive  on  them.  However,  the  condition  of 
diverse  soil  types  is  one  that  is  now  present  and  imposes  a  serious 
handicap  to  a  really  remunerative  agriculture  on  these  lands. 


170  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


CLIMATIC    CONDITIONS-IRRIGATION 

Heavy  and  continuous  rainfalls  are  experienced  in  the  redwood 
region.  Rains  may  be  expected  to  begin  in  October  and  to  occur  with 
but  brief  intermissions  from  that  time  on  until  well  into  March. 
Occasional  rain  storms  occur  even  later  than  this  in  some  years.  Snow 
may  fall  during  the  winter,  especially  in  the  more  northern  range  of 
these  trees,  while  the  high  hills  and  mountains  will  frequently  bear 
a  mantle  of  white.  In  the  experience  of  the  writer  the  rainfall  for 
the  winter  of  1921-22  in  certain  parts  of  the  redwood  belt  somewhat 
exceeded  seventy  inches.  During  the  same  winter  in  the  same  places 
a  snowfall  of  six  inches  was  noted.  Of  course,  the  rainfall  throughout 
the  redwood  belt  is  not  uniform,  but  it  can  be  broadly  stated  that  a 
precipitation  of  from  forty  to  upwards  of  seventy  inches  may  be 
expected  and  the  farmer  must  be  prepared  for  these  conditions. 

Killing  frosts  in  the  valleys  may  be  expected  as  late  as  well  into 
May  though  the  general  weather  conditions  from  April  on  are  usually 
most  delightful  and  satisfactory  from  the  agricultural  point  of  view. 
This  is  especially  true  in  locations  away  from  the  coast  and  protected 
from  ocean  influences  by  ranges  of  hills  and  by  woods.  In  the  vicinity 
of  the  coastline  and  in  places  not  so  protected,  fogs  and  cold  winds 
are  of  frequent  occurance.  The  small  valleys  and  gentle  slopes 
protected  from  direct  ocean  influences  as  above  pointed  out  offer 
climatic  conditions  that  are  most  delightful  in  the  spring  and  early 
summer. 

By  the  middle  of  June  the  hot  season  in  the  redwoods  will  have 
begun.  Temperatures  ranging  in  many  instances  to  upward  of  100°  F. 
will  be  experienced.  There  will  be  some  cooling  off  of  the  weather  in 
September  and  early  October  followed  by  early  frosts  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rainy  season. 

It  should  be  noted  that  while  the  rainfall  in  the  redwood  belt  is 
exceedingly  heavy  and  a  plentiful  supply  of  moisture  finds  its  way 
into  the  soil,  nevertheless  because  of  the  exceedingly  hot,  drying 
weather  of  summer  the  upper  foot  or  two  of  soil  soon  becomes  parched 
and  dry.  This  condition  is  accentuated  in  certain  types  of  soil  found 
in  the  belt,  especially  the  shales  carrying  large  quantities  of  fragmen- 
tary, angular  rock  material.  For  deep  rooted  crops,  orchard  trees 
and  the  like,  it  is  possible  by  careful  cultivation  to  hold  the  soil 
moisture  so  that  these  crops  thrive  fairly  well.  Because  of  the 
diversity  of  soil  types  previously  noted  this  moisture  retention  by 
cultivation  is  not  uniform  and  the  farmer  of  such  lands  has  a 
cultivation  problem  to  meet  for  each  separate  type  represented  on  his 


BULLETIN   350]  AGRICULTURE  IN   CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 


171 


property.  There  also  will  be  found  springy,  marshy  places  where 
the  soils  are  usually  more  or  less  acid  and  where  drainage  and  special 
cultural  methods  will  be  required. 


Fig.    2. — Tan-bark    road.     The    typical    condition   in    which    the    land    appears 
after  bark  "stripping"  is  done. 


Quick  drying  of  the  top  layers  of  soil  on  sloping  land  may  be 
expected  on  the  upper  portions  and  what  with  this  and  the  extreme 
drying  out  of  the  soil  under  the  high  summer  heat  irrigation  is 
necessary  when  handling  shallow  rooted  crops  such  as  berries,  vege- 
tables, and  so  forth.  While  it  is  true  the  winter  precipitation  is 
abundant  and  well  provides  for  springs  and  stream  flow,  yet  experi- 
ence has  shown  the  necessity  for  irrigation  in  the  successful  production 


172  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

of  the  sort  of  crops  mentioned.  It  is  further  true  that  orchard  crops 
are  considerably  augmented  by  the  use  of  irrigation  water.  In  spite 
then  of  the  abundant  rainfall  that  is  to  be  expected  in  the  redwood 
belt  the  farmer  of  lands  located  therein  must  be  prepared  to  irrigate 
his  land  and  thus  there  is  added  another  expense  item  that  the 
production  from  the  farm  must  meet. 


CLEARING 

Ordinarily  the  tan-bark  oak  is  found  growing  in  greater  or  less 
quantity  in  open  spaces  in  the  redAvood  forest.  While  it  perhaps 
flourishes  best  rather  close  to  the  stream  sides,  still  practically  in  all 
parts  of  the  forest  from  the  stream  sides  over  the  gentler  slopes  to 
the  tops  of  the  hills  these  trees  will  be  found  where  sunlight  finds  its 
way  in.  The  bark  has  a  considerable  commercial  value  for  tanning 
purposes  and  so  this  oak  is  an  asset  of  importance  in  the  economy  of 
the  forest. 

Usually  the  first  work  done  among  the  redwoods  is  "stripping 
bark"  (Fig.  2).  Temporary  camps  are  established  at  convenient 
points;  rough  trails  and  roads  that  are  passable  are  established.  In 
occasional  cases  fire  lines  are  brushed  out.  Then  the  work  of 
"stripping"  begins.  The  oaks  are  felled,  the  bark  is  taken  from  the 
fallen  trees  in  convenient  lengths  and  usually,  after  properly  drying, 
it  is  packed  over  the  trails  on  mule  back  to  a  convenient  landing  by 
the  roadside. 

From  this  point  the  bark  finds  its  way  by  wagon,  train  and  boat 
to  the  tanneries  and  all  that  is  left  of  what  were  formerly  flourishing 
trees  is  the  bleaching  trunks  and  rotting  stumps  surrounded  by 
suckers. 

Following  "stripping"  come  the  regular  logging  operations. 
Logging  railroads  are  put  in,  elaborate  camps  are  established  on  the 
forest  fringe.  Gangs  of  "fallers",  swampers  or  peelers,  engine  men 
for  the  donkey  engines  used  in  "snaking"  out  logs,  water  boys, 
roustabouts — all  the  different  sorts  of  workers  are  represented.  The 
work  of  logging  has  fairly  begun.  The  crash  of  falling  trees  is  heard 
at  intervals.  The  swampers  or  peelers  do  their  work  of  removing 
limbs  and  bark  and  the  sawyers  cut  the  fallen  trees  into  proper  lengths. 
Then  fire  is  run  through  the  slashings,  clearing  the  ground  of  brush 
and  smaller  limbs  and  leaving  the  logs  clear  and  ready  for  removal 
by  cable  and  donkey  engine  power  to  the  track  side  whence  they 
eventually  find  their  way  to  the  saw  mill. 


Bulletin   350]  AGRICULTURE  IN   CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 


173 


These  preliminary  operations  clear  the  land  of  marketable  forest 
material  but  do  not  remove  the  larger  waste  limbs,  defective  logs, 
small  trees  and  stumps.  The  firing  that  has  occurred  does  not  usually 
affect  the  large  redwood  waste  and  stumps.  The  redwood  is  extremely 
resistant  to  fire  and  only  such  portion  of  the  trees  as  may  be  broken 
and  splintered  burns,  together  with  the  limbs  and  occasional  defective 
logs.  Much  material  that  can  be  utilized  as  firewood  is  gathered  up 
and  used  in  operating  the  donkey  engines  in  the  woods.  The  stumps 
and  unbroken  larger  material  remain  to  cumber  the  ground.  Occasion- 
ally a  Douglas  fir  stump,  full  of  pitch,  burns  out  completely  even  to 


Fig.   3. — Typical   redwood   slashing.     Fire   has   cleared    out   brush   and   smaller 
material.     The    stumps    still    retain    vitality. 

Photograph  furnished  by  Assistant  Professor  E.  Fritz,  Forestry  Division 


the  larger  roots  but  for  the  most  part  even  these  stumps  remain. 
Other  material  such  as  madrone  and  tan-bark  oak  stumps  will  usually 
be  burned  to  the  ground  surface  but  their  root  vitality  and  ability 
to  send  up  suckers  will  be  but  slightly  impaired.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  after  logging  operations  have  ceased,  the  hardest  and  most 
expensive  item  in  clearing,  the  removal  of  stumps  and  roots,  remains 
to  vex  the  would-be  farmer  of  the  cut-over  land.  The  vitality  of  the 
redwood  stump  and  root  is  very  great.  Fire  has  but  little  effect  upon 
them.  There  will  appear  new  growth  in  sucker-like  form  (Frontis- 
piece) in  a  circle  about  the  stump  year  after  year  though  this  new 
growth  may  be  cut  out,  piled  on  and  about  the  stump  and  fired  several 
times  a  year  for  many  years  in  succession.     The  writer  has  observed 


174  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

redwood  stumps  that  have  been  treated  in  this  way  for  over  ten  years 
and  the  second  growth  was  almost  as  sturdy  at  the  end  of  that  period 
as  it  was  when  the  trees  were  felled.  This  persistance  of  vitality  in 
the  redwood  and  its  resistance  to  fire  is  noteworthy  and,  where  cutting 
out  is  not  done,  in  a  few  years  sturdy  second  growth  saplings  surround 
the  old  stump  and  natural  reforestation  is  begun.  These  conditions 
make  the  operation  of  removal  of  stumps  and  larger  roots  extremely 
difficult  and  expensive. 

The  stumps  of  Douglas  fir,  tan-bark  oak  and  other  trees  of  minor 
importance  in  the  zone  do  not  offer  such  great  difficulties.  Fire  and 
the  diligent  use  of  mattock  and  axe  soon  remove  most  of  these.  The 
redwood  stumps,  sometimes  ranging  to  twenty  feet  and  upwards  in 
diameter,  remain  to  be  dealt  with.  No  easy  or  cheap  way  to  get  rid  of 
these  has  as  yet  been  devised.  Methods  that  are  successful  with  other 
stumps  usually  fail  with  the  redwood.  The  task  reduces  itself  to 
the  intelligent  and-  liberal  use  of  giant  powder  and  black  powder 
supplemented  by  stump-pullers,  mattocks  and  axes.  Then  comes  the 
piling  and  burning  of  the  shattered  stump  material  and  torn  out 
roots.  Because  of  the  character  of  the  wood  the  burning  must  be 
done  with  care  to  insure  success.  In  addition  to  this  removal  of  major 
stumps,  the  roots  of  huckleberry,  greasewood  and  ceanothus  will  have 
to  be  grubbed  out.  The  whole  process  of  clearing  the  land  so  it  can 
be  successfully  and  economically  plowed,  cultivated  and  harrowed  is 
extremely  expensive  and  time  consuming. 

In  one  case  observed,  the  cost  of  complete  clearing  was  four 
hundred  dollars  an  acre.  In  another  case  noted  by  this  writer,  the 
cost  of  clearing  out  all  stumps  up  to  those  two  feet  in  diameter  was 
one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  an  acre  (Fig.  4).  This  was  a  twenty 
acre  piece  and  an  average  of  twenty  redwood  stumps  upward  of  two 
feet  in  diameter  remained  on  each  acre  to  vex  the  farmer  of  this 
land.  Clearing  this  sort  of  land  for  agricultural  purposes  it  will 
be  seen  makes  the  cost  of  such  land  exceedingly  high  even  though  its 
original  purchase  price  may  have  been  low. 

In  conjunction  with  the- matter  of  clearing  cut-over  redwood  lands 
the  following  table  compiled  from  the  United  States  census  report 
for  1920  on  California  agriculture  is  significant.  It  includes  all 
farms  in  the  counties  named  and  not  alone  those  in  the  redwood  areas. 


BULLETIN   350]  AGRICULTURE  IN   CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 


175 


TABLE 


Acres  in 

County  County 

Santa   Cruz 278,400 

San  Mateo  286,080 

Marin   338,560 

Sonoma  1,012,480 

Mendocino  2,264,960 

Humboldt    2,288,000 

Del  Norte   655,360 


Farms 

Land  in 
Farms 

Average 
Size  in 
Acres 

Improved 

Land  per 

Farm  in 

Acres 

Pet. 
Im- 
proved 

1,759 

144,751 

82.3 

38.6 

46.9 

624 

117,109 

187.7 

124.6 

66.4 

718 

290,148 

404.1 

122.3 

30.3 

5,739 

748,147 

130.4 

43.9 

33.6 

1,759 

923,087 

524.8 

57.5 

11.0 

1.756 

717,174 

408.4 

55.8 

13.7 

130 

43,830 

337.2 

101.9 

30.2 

7,123,840       12,485      2,784,246      2,074.9  544.6 


Fig.  4. — Land  cleared  of  stumps  up  to  two  feet  in  diameter.     The  stump  in 

the  left  foreground  is  twelve  feet  in  diameter.     The  land  now  furnishes  meagre 

pasturage.     To  get  it  to  this  condition  cost  $150.00  per  acre. 


The  table  covers  the  counties  in  the  state  where  the  redwood  thrives. 
In  only  one  of  these  counties,  San  Mateo,  is  more  than  half  (66.4%) 
of  the  average  farm  improved.  The  high  per  cent  of  improved  area 
is  easily  accounted  for  from  the  fact  that  in  the  northern  part  of  this 
county  the  redwood  becomes  sparse  and  clearing  is  not  so  expensive 
an  operation  as  when  these  trees  are  more  numerous.  The  same  com- 
ment may  be  made  as  to  Santa  Cruz  County  with  its  comparatively 
high  per  cent  of  improved  land  per  farm.  The  fact  that  in  those 
counties  where  the  redwood  forest  is  densest  the  per  cent  of  improved 
land  in  farms  is  smallest  is  evident  from  the  figures.  The  cost  of 
clearing  is  the  cause  of  the  small  improved  average.  This  is  sharply 
accentuated  in  Marin,  Mendocino,  Humboldt  and  Del  Norte  Counties 


176  UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

where  the  average  size  of  a  farm  is  high  while  the  highest  per  cent 
improved  is  30.3.  The  low  ebb  is  reached  in  Mendocino  County  with 
an  area  about  equal  to  Belgium,  and  an  average  farm  area  of  524.8 
acres  with  but  eleven  per  cent  improved.  Taking  a  few  counties  not 
in  the  redwood  belt  but  having  mountainous  areas  and  desert  areas, 
we  note  by  way  of  comparison  that  Glenn  County  farms  average 
397.3  acres  with  64  per  cent  improved ;  Imperial  County,  122.2  acres 
with  89.4  per  cent  improved ;  Colusa  County,  537.3  acres  with  69  per 
cent  improved;  Placer  County,  182.2  acres  with  58.5  per  cent  im- 
proved. The  item  of  getting  the  land  into  condition  for  agricultural 
operations  is  serious  in  the  redwood  belt  and  should  be  carefully  con- 
sidered by  the  intending  operator  on  such  lands. 


CROPPING 

A  wide  range  of  agricultural  crops  can  be  grown  on  the  cut-over 
redwood  lands  of  California.  The  great  diversity  of  soil  conditions 
found  in  the  area  seems  to  insure  adaptations  to  practically  all  crops 
save  those  that  do  not  take  kindly  to  humid  conditions.  Orchards 
thrive  in  some  parts  of  the  zone.  Those  of  apple  and  pear  are  the  most 
successful  and  the  large  apple  orchards  of  Santa  Cruz,  Sonoma  and 
Mendocino  Counties  show  what  may  be  done  with  this  fruit  where 
considerable  areas  adapted  to  its  culture  exist. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  as  we  go  north  in  the  redwood  belt 
the  brilliantly  colored  apples  such  as  Wealthy,  Jonathan,  Delicious 
and  many  others,  are  the  most  successful.  The  more  sober  colored 
apples  such  as  Newtown  Pippin,  Yellow  Bellflower  and  others  attain 
their  best  success  near  the  coast  line. 

Pears  are  of  secondary  importance  as  compared  with  apples  though 
there  are  quite  successful  orchards  of  this  fruit  in  the  zone.  The 
Bartlett  pear  so  far  is  the  favorite. 

The  drupe  fruits  such  as  the  peach,  plum,  apricot,  are  not  very 
successful,  owing  no  doubt  to  the  rather  short  hot  season,  and  should 
receive  but  scant  attention  on  the  part  of  the  farmer  of  these  lands. 

The  writer  has  had  under  observation  numerous  small  groves  of 
walnut  trees  growing  on  cut-over  lands  and  these  are  doing  very  well 
both  in  respect  to  crop  and  to  health  of  the  trees.  This  product  should 
receive  considerable  attention  in  localities  where  the  soils  are  deep  and 
where  the  frost  menace  is  at  a  minimum.  It  should  always  be  borne 
in  mind  that  through  most  of  the  region  the  acreage  available  for 
orchard  purposes  is  nearly  always  in  small  lots. 


Bulletin  350] 


AGRICULTURE  IN    CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 


177 


Berries  such  as  the  strawberry,  loganberry,  blackberry,  dewberry 
and  raspberry  do  exceedingly  well  in  the  greater  part  of  the  redwood 
belt.  The  conditions  found  here  seem  to  be  most  favorable  for  the 
production  of  this  class  of  fruit.  Growing  wild  in  the  somewhat  open 
spaces  will  be  found  thickets  of  huckleberry,  black  raspberries  and 
blackberries  and  where  transportation  facilities  permit  of  them  being 
readily  moved,  a  considerable  business  is  done  in  supplying  the  market 


Fig.  5. — A  successful  truck  garden  in  the  cut-over  lands.     Note  the  adjacent 
acreas  of  forest  and  partly  cleared  land. 


with  the  first  of  these.  It  must  be  noted,  however,  that  though  these 
small  fruits  do  splendidly  in  the  redwood  belt  their  success  from  a 
commercial  point  of  view,  especially  because  of  their  perishable  nature, 
is  dependent  in  large  degree  on  easy,  quick,  cheap  transportation. 
This  exists  in  only  a  small  part  of  the  zone.  Were  a  large  enough 
area  available  for  this  class  of  products  it  would  no  doubt  be  possible 
to  develop  a  business  in  canning  and  drying  berries  and  in  making 
fruit  juices  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  large  tillable  areas  are 
the  exception  in  the  cut-over  lands. 

Late  potatoes  of  very  high  quality  are  grown  in  the  lighter,  better 
drained  alluvial  soils  and  in  some  parts  of  the  zone  where  such  soils 
are  found  these  should  be  a  staple  crop. 


178  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

All  of  the  ordinary  vegetables  can  be  grown  successfully  in  these 
cut-over  lands  (Fig  5).  They  require  irrigation  to  insure  production 
as  the  summers  are  hot  and  dry.  The  farmer  of  these  lands  should 
grow  enough  vegetables  to  well  supply  the  home  table  even  though 
he  may,  because  of  poor  transportation,  have  but  a  limited  market. 

Stock  raising  may  be  considered  as  of  limited  financial  value  in 
these  lands.  The  feed  producing  possibilities  are  low  and  usually 
unsatisfactory.  The  brush  browse,  comprising  mainly  ceanothus  and 
huckleberry,  is  not  relished  by  stock  and  animals  wintered  over  on 
pasture  if  they  survive  at  all  are  by  spring  emaciated  and  weak. 
Over  winter  feeding  of  cows,  hogs  and  horses  in  barns  is  done  to  a 
limited  extent  but  is  very  expensive  as  most  of  the  feed  must  be 
imported.  The  native  grasses  and  herbs  are  of  low  feed  value  and 
can  be  depended  on  for  but  a  brief  period  of  time.  Where  the  land 
is  level  enough  leguminous  crops  such  as  alfalfa,  red  clover,  white 
Dutch  clover  and  purple  vetch  can  be  grown  with  a  good  degree  of 
success,  more  especially  where  irrigation  is  practiced.  The  farmer 
should  see  to  it  that  a  planting  of  legumes  is  made  on  his  place 
sufficient  at  least  to  furnish  feed  for  a  few  head  of  stock.  In  addition 
to  the  legumes  some  sorghum  may  be  grown,  as  this  makes  a  fair 
crop  when  planted  early  after  spring  frost  danger  is  over.  Feed 
conditions  can  thus  be  somewhat  improved  and  a  limited  number  of 
animals  provided  for  but  the  weakness  of  the  natural  pasture  must 
be  remembered.  A  careful  questioning  of  farmers  in  the  cut-over 
sections  developed  that  the  natural  grass  pastures  had  a  feed  value 
of  one  head  of  beef  or  dairy  stock  to  forty  acres  (Frontispiece)  per 
year  and  that  supplementary  feeding  of  some  sort  would  have  to 
be  practiced  in  the  fall  and  winter  months  most  years. 


PESTS 

Constant  vigilance  is  the  price  of  success  in  any  agricultural 
venture,  even  in  the  best  of  farming  regions.  The  rule  holds  in  the 
cut-over  redwood  lands  as  elsewhere.  The  farmer  of  these  lands 
should  be  versed  in  the  usual  practice  in  controlling  the  various  pests 
found  in  either  field  or  orchard  and  should  make  control  measures  a 
part  of  the  routine  work  of  his  place.  It  is  not  our  intention  to  go 
into  this  matter  of  control  measures  in  detail  here  but  simply  to  point 
out  some  of  the  more  prominent  troubles  he  will  have  to  contend 
against.  First  and  most  serious  of  the  fungus  troubles  that  will  vex 
him  is  the  ''oak  root  fungus"  (Armillaria  sp.).  This  trouble  is  well 
known  in  all  parts  of  the  state  where  oaks  have  grown  and  where 


Bulletin  350] 


AGRICULTURE  IN    CUT-OVER  REDWOOD   LANDS 


179 


orchard  trees  are  now  planted.  The  decaying  roots  and  stumps  of 
the  tan-bark  oak  have  left  this  trouble  in  the  lands  they  have  occupied 
and  so  the  cut-over  areas  carry  this  menace.  At  present  no  effective 
means  of  control  for  this  trouble  has  been  developed. 


Fig.  6. — Five  year  old  apple  trees  in  cut-over  land.     Adjacent  uncleared  land 
a  menace  in  regard  to  both  pests  and  fire. 


Pear  scab  and  various  mildews  controllable  by  sprays  are  peculiarly 
troublesome  in  the  zone  because  of  the  humidity.  The  scab  attacks 
apples  as  well  as  pears.  The  apple  mildew,  a  very  serious  fungus 
trouble  affecting  mostly  the  new  growth,  has  already  made  its  appear- 
ance in  many  apple  orchards.  This  mildew  does  great  damage  and 
to  control  it  requires  careful,  well  directed  spraying. 


180  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

The  flat  headed  borer  is  at  present  the  chief  insect  pest  with  which 
the  orchardists  will  have  to  contend.  The  presence  of  brush  lands 
much  too  rough  and  steep  to  be  effectively  cleared  furnishes  a  perfect 
harboring  place  for  these  insects  and  they  are  present  in  great  number. 
The  borers  are  extremely  difficult  to  control,  it  being  necessary  to 
remove  the  individuals  one  by  one  from  the  lower  part  of  the  tree 
trunk.  Various  species  of  plant  lice  (aphids),  attack  both  orchard 
and  truck  crops  and  must  be  fought.  Other  insect  pests  may  of 
course  be  expected  to  appear  if  plantings  increase,  as  indeed  is  the 
case  in  every  agricultural  region. 

Perhaps  rodents — brush  rabbits,  ground  squirrels  and  field  mice — 
are  the  greatest  cause  of  mechanical  injury  to  both  trees  and  truck 
crops.  Owing  to  the  inevitable  presence  of  brush  and  sapling  covered 
land  in  close  proximity  to  the  cleared  areas  these  creatures  have  a 
handy  refuge  and  are  found  in  such  situations  in  very  great  numbers. 
They  are  extremely  fond  of  various  truck  crops  and  will  consume 
great  quantities  of  such  material.  They  also  cause  great  damage  and 
loss  in  orchards  by  gnawing  away  the  bark  of  the  trees  at  the  base. 
The  writer  has  seen  whole  orchards  where  the  trees  were  completely 
girdled  by  these  pests  and  injured  beyond  repair.  Rabbit  proof 
fencing  carefully  kept  up  and  the  liberal  use  of  poison  baits  help  in 
a  measure  to  control  the  nuisance  but  can  be  considered  as  palliatives 
only.  The  writer  had  some  experimental  plantings  of  onions,  potatoes, 
beans,  cauliflower  and  lettuce  in  the  zone  in  1918.  These  were  presum- 
ably protected  by  rabbit  proof  fencing.  The  fence  did  not  prove 
effective,  however,  so  far  as  mice  were  concerned  and  the  whole 
planting  was  destroyed  in  two  nights.  The  mice  even  went  so  far 
as  to  eat  out  the  young  onions  from  underground.  Poison  baits  proved 
less  attractive  than  the  vegetables. 

Squirrels  are  abundant  and  do  a  vast  amount  of  damage  in  both 
the  orchards,  truck  fields  and  where  grain  is  planted.  The  great 
amount  of  rough  waste  land  about  the  cultivated  areas  furnishes 
a  splendid  covert  for  these  creatures  and  makes  the  task  of  protection 
against  their  inroads  very  difficult. 

There  is  a  large  amount  of  damage  done  to  young  orchard  trees 
in  the  redwood  zone  by  sunburn.  The  summers,  though  not  so  long 
as  in  the  large  valleys,  are  very  hot  and,  unless  the  trees  are  carefully 
protected  by  whitewashing  or  by  shading  the  trunks,  much  of  this 
trouble  may  be  expected.     By  careful  work  it  can  be  well  controlled. 

From  all  of  this  it  will  be  seen  that  even  though  the  farms  in  the 
cut-over  lands  may  be  isolated  they  are  not  immune  to  the  troubles 
that  come  to  other  farms  and  that  in  some  cases  these  troubles  are 
accentuated  by  the  environment. 


Bulletin  350] 


AGRICULTURE  IN   CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS 


181 


TRANSPORTATION    AND    MARKETING 


As  has  been  observed,  these  lands  are  to  a  large  degree  mountainous 
— the  small  valleys  separated  from  each  other  by  ridges  which  for  the 
most  part  are  steep  and  difficult.  Intercommunication  between  adjac- 
ent valleys  is  hard  to  accomplish  and  frequently  involves  long  and 


esre  ~^iy; 

^■™^1 

■ 

He-* 

fjl  Si^t,Ji3i 

*: 

aHBBi  tBSK- .         ''  P^s 

7  v    7 

WKEBB&M ^B^Bi  "fife 

bF- 

mm'ti- 

P 

-    '->•   ■;■'■    ~v 

"\v 

Fig.    7. — The   railroads   are   but   temporary.     After   the    logs   are    removed   all 
that  remains  of  the  roads  is  their  former  beds. 


tortuous  drives.  Again  these  valleys  and  gentle  slopes  are  isolated 
from  towns  and  centers  of  trade  by  the  same  mountainous  conditions. 
Indeed  there  are  in  the  redwood  belt  few  towns  of  much  importance 
and  these  owe  what  imporatnce  they  have  to  the  fact  that  they  are 
located  on  practicable  harbors  and  are  reached  by  logging  railroads 
tapping  sections  that  are  being  cut  over.  In  some  cases  also,  perman- 
ent railroads  connect  these  towns  with  the  outer  world  and  they  thus 
have  the  advantage  of  both  water  and  rail  transportation. 


182  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

It  may  be  stated  that  these  logging  railroads  are  but  temporary 
in  character  and  serve  the  needs  of  transportation  only  so  long  as 
the  woods  are  productive.  They  are  a  necessary  part  of  the  operation 
of  getting  logs  to  the  milling  centers  which  are  in  most  cases  located 
in  the  towns  at  the  harbors  before  mentioned.  As  soon  as  economy 
in  handling  logs  dictates  such  action  the  rails  are  removed  to  new 
locations  and  the  road  bed  is  all  that  remains  to  mark  their  former 
place  (fig.  7).  In  very  many  situations  throughout  the  cut-over  red- 
wood lands  these  abandoned  roadbeds  remain  mute  witnesses  of  former 
transportation  activity.  The  attempt  at  farming  which  has  perhaps 
been  made  along  the  line  of  this  formerly  active  railroad  and  which 
because  of  the  transportation  facilities  it  afforded  may  have  had  a 
measure  of  financial  success  now  languishes.  There  is  generally  speak- 
ing no  chance  of  freight  business  in  agricultural  products  ever 
becoming  great  enough  from  these  small  valleys  and  gentler  slopes 
to  justify  the  renewal  of  rail  operations  there.  Thus  the  redwood 
stump  land  farm  becomes  cut  off  from  railroad  facilities.  The  farmer 
of  such  lands  must  now  depend  on  wagon  roads  to  get  his  produce 
to  a  remunerative  market.  Here  again  he  meets  with  difficulties. 
Owing  to  soil  conditions  and  to  the  enormous  rainfall  in  the  redwood 
belt  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  roads  is  difficult  and  ex- 
pensive. The  roads  are  frequently  impassable  during  the  protracted 
rainy  season  and  during  the  summer  and  fall  rough  and  dusty.  Because 
they  serve  but  limited  areas  of  farming  land  the  burden  of  their 
upkeep  falls  upon  the  individual  farmer  or  the  few  farmers  who  may 
be  served  by  them.  The  only  chance  for  economical  upkeep  of  roads 
into  these  isolated  valleys  is  through  the  practice  of  intensive  forestry 
on  the  hill  lands.  Then  the  merchantable  thinnings  from  the  forest 
land  combined  with  the  product  of  small  agricultural  areas  may  make 
it  feasible  to  keep  up  a  good  motor  truck  road  if  agriculture  and 
forestry  work  hand  in  hand  to  the  mutual  advantage  of  each.  The 
person  who  may  undertake  the  development  of  cut-over  redwood  lands 
should  carefully  consider  this  matter  of  transportation.  It  is  an 
important  factor  in  the  problem. 

Closely  allied  to  the  problem  of  transportation  is  that  of  available 
markets  for  the  products  of  the  farm.  Where  logging  is  going  on 
there  will  be  located  groups  of  woodsmen.  The  location  of  the 
"camps"  occupied  by  these  men  is  determined  by  the  matter  of  falling 
trees  and  getting  out  logs.  Nearness  to  the  uncut  forest  and  situation 
on  the  logging  railroad  are  essentials.  In  these  camps  are  to  be 
found  sometimes  hundreds  of  laborers.  They  provide  a  ready  local 
market  for  all  kinds  of  farm  produce  and  the  farmer  who  is  working 


Bulletin  350] 


AGRICULTURE  IN   CUT-OVER  REDWOOD   LANDS 


183 


cut-over  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  the  railroad  and  reasonably  close 
to  such  a  camp  undoubtedly  has,  for  a  time,  no  difficulty  in  getting 
rid  of  such  productions  from  his  farm  as  he  may  desire  to  sell.  The 
fact  remains,  however,  that  these  camps  are  no  more  permanent  than 
are  the  logging  railroads.  When  it  becomes  more  economical  to  transfer 


Fig.  8. — Forty-six  year  old  new  growth.     Eeforestation  through  natural  growth 

of  suckers  well  begun. 
Photograph  from  Associate  Professor  W.  Metcalf,  Forestry  Division. 

operations  to  some  other  locality  the  camp  is  abandoned  and  the  local 
market  is  no  more.  Evidences  of  such  abandoned  camps  in  the  way 
of  buildings  are  to  be  found  all  through  the  region  under  study.  It 
is  evident  then  that  the  local  market  for  the  products  of  the  stump 
farm  is  at  best  only  temporary.  As  for  making  use  of  markets  at  a 
distance  from  such  a  farm,  the  difficulties  of  transportation  and  the 
attendant  expense  stand  in  most  cases  as  a  bar  to  a  successful  financial 
outcome. 


184  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Of  course  there  is  an  occasional  permanent  railroad  traversing 
the  redwood  sections  and  where  other  factors  are  propitious  a  satisfac- 
tory agriculture  may  be  expected,  because,  through  transportation, 
markets  are  made  available.  Much  the  greater  part  of  the  main 
redwood  belt  and  notably  that  portion  now  being  cut  and  that  part 
still  to  be  cut  have  but  few  so  called  permanent  railroads.  Temporary 
railroads  will  of  course  be  put  in  and  various  temporary  markets  will 
arise  and  will  inevitably  disappear.  The  person  then  who  attempts 
agricultural  work  on  cut-over  redwood  lands  should  know  well  the 
marketing  problem  he  will  have  to  meet. 

SOCIAL  LIFE 

Most  of  our  farming  sections  now  recognize  that  there  are  three 
factors  that  are  of  grave  importance  in  the  success  of  the  farm.  These 
factors  are  distinct  from  the  matter  of  production  and  yet  without 
these  factors  being  well  provided  for  the  * '  native  values  of  rural  life ' ' 
cannot  be  obtained.  The  three  may  be- grouped  under  the  head  "social 
life"  and  comprise  the  following  items:  First,  religious  activities, 
churches  and  church  life.  Second,  educational  facilities,  schools  and 
all  that  they  stand  for  in  the  development  of  good  citizens.  Third, 
recreational  activities,  diversions  of  various  sorts  so  necessary  in 
promoting  both  physical  and  mental  health. 

Our  towns,  cities,  centers  of  population  of  whatever  sort,  are  well 
supplied  with  the  means  of  best  providing  for  all  three  of  these  lines 
of  development.  In  most  of  the  agricultural  sections  of  any  import- 
ance in  the  state  similar  provision  is  made.  Community  centers,  farm 
bureau  halls,  schools,  churches,  all  of  these  are  available  or  easily 
provided.  Through  these  agencies  the  "get  together"  spirit,  the  idea, 
of  cooperation,  is  fostered,  and  men  and  women,  young  people  and 
old,  develop  more  broadly  and  become  of  greater  value  to  the  state 
at  large. 

Church  organizations  and  the  work  done  by  them  in  fostering  and 
developing  the  spiritual  life  of  individuals  and  communities  must 
be  available  if  the  best  is  to  be  attained.  Indeed  too  much  emphasis 
cannot  be  placed  on  the  three  items  mentioned.  No  true  agricultural 
success,  which  in  the  final  analysis  means  the  success  of  the  family, 
can  be  attained  with  these  lacking. 

The  isolation  of  farms  and  the  great  difficulties  of  transportation 
in  the  cut-over  redwood  lands  have  been  emphasized  in  preceding 
paragraphs.  This  isolation  of  farms  and  the  roughness  of  roads  stand 
as  an  almost  insuperable  barrier  to  any  true  community  life.     Schools 


BULLETIN  350]  AGRICULTURE  IN   CUT-OVER  REDWOOD  LANDS  185 

and  churches,  community  halls  and  farm  bureau  centers  are,  and  of 
necessity  must  be,  few  and  far  between.  These  developments  of  com- 
munity life  are  a  very  necessary  item  if  the  farm  is  to  be  a  success. 
Days  and  even  weeks  will  be  passed  with  no  word  from  or  contact  with 
the  outside  world.  Such  conditions  the  farm  family  on  cut-over  lands 
will  have  to  meet  and  the  fact  should  be  frankly  met  and  recognized 
when  making  plans  for  this  sort  of  a  venture. 

It  will  be  evident  to  the  reader  that  there  are  serious  handicaps 
to  successful  agriculture  in  cut-over  redwood  lands.  These  handicaps 
are  so  great  that  in  a  very  large  portion  of  the  area  the  use  of  the  lands 
for  ordinary  agricultural  purposes  would  be  an  economic  blunder. 
It  is  of  course  true  that  under  certain  conditions  of  soils,  topography, 
transportation  and  local  market  there  are  and  will  be  successes  in 
agriculture  in  the  region  under  discussion.  In  the  sections  now  being 
cut  over  it  would  seem  that  such  successes  must,  in  the  very  nature  of 
the  case,  be  of  minor  importance.  The  use  of  these  lands  agriculturally 
cannot  be  considered  as  a  solution  of  the  problem  and  we  must  look 
further  for  a  solution. 

In  previous  paragraphs  the  persistency  of  the  redwood  through  its 
suckering  habit  about  the  stump  (Frontispiece  and  Fig.  8)  has  been 
noted  and,  comparatively  quick  reforestation  of  cut-over  areas  may 
be  expected  through  this  habit.  The  Douglas  fir  too,  if  seeding  occurs, 
quickly  reoccupies  sections  from  which  it  has  been  removed.  The 
reoccupancy  by  this  tree  is  through  seedlings.  Transplanting  these 
seedlings  is  not  difficult  and  the  percentage  of  success  can  be  made 
quite  high  by  careful  work.  That  the  redwood  reforestation  through 
natural  and  unassisted  second  growth  (suckers)  (Fig.  8)  is  of  great 
importance  is  evidenced  by  the  following  figures  giving  the  rate  of 
yield  in  board  feet  per  acre  at  about  fifty  years  after  the  first  cutting. 
These  figures  were  furnished  by  the  Division  of  Forestry,  College  of 
Agriculture,  University  of  California.  For  comparison  the  board 
feet  production  per  acre  after  fifty  years  of  growth  of  several  other 
lumber  producing  conifers  is  given. 

TABLE 

Yield  per  Acre 
Species  at  50  Years 

Eedwood,   Average    40,000 

Eedwood,  Maximum  140,000 

Short-leaf  Pine,  Southern,  Average  17,000 

Norway  Pine,  Average  6,100 

White  Pine,  Massachusetts,  Average 35,000 

Eed  Spruce,  Average  ,. 17,100 

Loblolly  Pine,  Average 22,600 


186  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

In  determining  what  in  the  long  ran  is  the  best  use  that  can  be 
made  of  the  cnt-over  redwood  lands  of  this  state  these  figures  are  sug- 
gestive. The  comparison  with  other  conifers  strongly  emphasizes 
the  remarkable  reproductive  power  of  the  redwood.  Nature  takes 
the  matter  in  hand  and  while  planting  of  seedlings  is  necessary  to 
obtain  complete  occupancy  of  the  area  the  cost  of  replanting  is 
obviously  much  reduced. 

That  reforestation  of  the  main  redwood  regions  of  the  state  is  a 
policy  that  will  in  the  end  be  of  great  benefit  to  the  commonwealth 
is  evident.  It  is  not  our  purpose  to  lay  out  a  plan  to  guide  efforts 
at  reforestation  but  more  to  indicate  that  these  sections  have  on  the 
whole  a  better  prospective  value  as  renewed  forests  than  as  agricultural 
lands  as  the  term  is  generally  used. 

Some  of  the  larger  lumber  companies  owning  immense  areas  of 
both  cut  and  uncut  forest  are  now  recognizing  the  existing  conditions 
and  are  shaping  out  lines  of  procedure  that  look  well  to  the  develop- 
ment of  these  new  forests.  The  fire  menace  which  is  always  present 
in  the  forest  is  being  guarded  against.  Certain  of  these  companies 
now  are  experimenting  with  various  hard  wood  trees  to  determine 
their  possible  use  in  the  redwood  zone.  Forest  nurseries  are  being 
established  and  men  trained  in  the  scientific  details  of  forest  manage- 
ment are  being  employed  to  supervise  carrying  on  in  the  best  possible 
manner  the  work  of  reforestation. 

It  is  well  to  recognize  the  difficulties  of  real  agriculture  in  the 
redwood  belt.  The  farmer  of  such  lands  will  meet  many  extraordinary 
difficulties  not  present  in  ordinary  unforested  agricultural  sections. 
Further  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  splendid  heritage  of  our 
redwood  forests  should  remain,  through  reforestation,  an  asset  to  the- 
state  not  only  financially  but  in  grandeur  and  beauty. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FEEE  DISTRIBUTION 


No. 
253. 

261. 

262. 

263. 
268. 
270. 

273. 

275. 

276. 
278. 
279. 
280. 

283. 
285. 
286. 
287. 
294. 
297. 
298. 
299. 
304. 

308. 


310. 
312. 
313. 
316. 
317. 

319 


Irrigation  and  Soil  Conditions  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California. 

Melaxuma  of  the  Walnut,  "Juglans 
regia." 

Citrus  Diseases  of  Florida  and  Cuba 
Compared  with  these  of  California. 

Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives. 

Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 

A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi- 
ennial Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 
on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 

Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain. 

The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The    Pomegranate. 

Grain   Sorghums. 

Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

Commercial    Fertilizers. 

Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits. 

Bean    Culture   in    California. 

The  Almond  in  California. 

Seedless  Raisin  Grapes. 
The  Use  of  Lumber  on  California  Farms. 

A  study  on  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 
Citrus   in   California. 

I.  Fumigation  with  Liquid  Hydrocyanic 
Acid.  II.  Physical  and  Chemical  Prop- 
erties of  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  Acid. 

Plum  Pollination. 

Mariout  Barley. 

Pruning  Young   Deciduous  Fruit  Trees. 

The   Kaki   or   Oriental   Persimmon. 

Selections  of  Stocks  in  Citrus  Propa- 
gation. 

Caprifigs  and  Caprification. 


BULLETINS 

No. 
321. 


325. 


328. 
330. 
331. 
332. 
334. 

335. 

336. 

337. 
339. 

340. 

341. 

342. 
343. 
344. 

345. 

346. 
347. 

348. 
349. 

350. 
352. 

353. 
354. 
355. 


Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 

Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing 
Temperatures. 

Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex- 
periments in  Sacramento  Valley, 
1914-1919. 

Prune  Growing  in  California. 

Dehydration  of  Fruits. 

Phylloxera-Resistant   Stocks. 

Walnut  Culture  in  California. 

Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second- 
Growth  Redwoods. 

Cocoanut  Meal  as  a  Feed  for  Dairy 
Cows  and  Other  Livestock. 

The  Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as 
an  Insecticide. 

Some  Factors  of  Dehydrater  Efficiency. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs  from 
Small    and    Large    Timber. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gopher  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Studies  on  Irrigation  of  Citrus  Groves. 

Hog  Feeding  Experiments. 

Cheese  Pests  and  Their  Control. 

Cold  Storage  as  an  Aid  to  the  Market- 
ing of  Plums. 

Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Citrus 
Trees. 

Almond    Pollination. 

The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decidu- 
ous Orchards. 

Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

A  Study  of  Sidedraft  and  Tractor 
Hitches. 

Agriculture  in  Cut-over  Redwood  Lands. 

Further  Experiments  in  Plum  Pollina 
tion. 

Bovine  Infectious  Abortion. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 

The  Peach  Twig  Borer. 


No. 
70.   Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn 

Growing  in  California. 
82.  The  Common  Ground  Squirrel  of  Cali- 
fornia. 
87.  Alfalfa. 

110.  Green  Manuring  in  California. 

111.  The  Use  of  Limje  and  Gypsum  on  Cali- 

fornia Soils. 
113.   Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

126.  Spraying  for  the   Grape  Leaf  Hopper. 

127.  House  Fumigation. 

136.   Melilotus    indica    as    a    Green-Manure 

Crop  for  California. 
144.   Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 
148.    "Lungworms." 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 

152.  Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand- 

ling of  Grain   in   California. 
155.   Bovine  Tuberculosis. 
157.   Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 

159.  Agriculture   in   the  Imperial   Valley. 

160.  Lettuce  Growing  in  California. 

161.  Potatoes   in   California. 

164.  Small  Fruit   Culture  in   California. 

165.  Fundamentals    of    Sugar    Beet   Culture 

under  California  Conditions. 

166.  The   Country   Farm    Bureau. 

167.  Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 

169.  The    1918   Grain  Crop. 

170.  Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the  1918 

Crop. 


CIRCULARS 

No. 

172. 

173. 


174. 
175. 

178. 
179. 

181. 

182. 

183. 

184. 
188. 
189. 
190. 
193. 
198. 
199. 
201. 
202. 

203. 
205. 
206. 
208. 

209. 
210. 


Wheat  Culture. 

The    Construction    of    the    Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 
Farm   Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 

Distribution  of  Milk. 
The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 
Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 
Control     of     the     California      Ground 

Squirrel. 
Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat 

in   California   for  1918. 
Infectious  Abortion  in  Cows. 
A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 
Lambing   Sheds. 
Winter  Forage  Crops. 
Agriculture  Clubs   in   California. 
A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 
Syrup  from   Sweet  Sorghum. 
Onion  Growing  in  California. 
Helpful  Hints  to   Hog  Raisers. 
County    Organizations    for   Rural    Fire 

Control. 
Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute. 
Blackleg. 
Jack  Cheese. 
Summary  of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 

Farm   Advisors   of   California. 
The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 
Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California. 


CIRCULARS — Continued 


No. 
212. 
214. 

215. 
217. 

218. 

219. 
224. 


225. 
228. 
230. 

232. 

233. 
234. 

235. 

236. 

237. 


Salvaging  Rain-Damaged  Prunes. 

Seed  Treatment  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cereal   Smuts. 

Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California. 

Methods  for  Marketing  Vegetables  in 
California. 

Advanced  Registry  Testing  of  Dairy 
Cows. 

The  Present  Status  of  Alkali. 

Control  of  the  Brown  Apricot  Scale 
and  the  Italian  Pear  Scale  on  Decid- 
uous Fruit  Trees. 

Propagation  of  Vines. 

Vineyard   Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates. 

Testing  Milk,  Cream,  and  Skim  Milk 
for  Butterfat. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  California 
Cherries  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Artificial  Incubation. 

Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees 
during  1921-22. 

Soil  Analysis  and  Soil  and  Plant  Inter- 
relations. 

The  Common  Hawks  and  Owls  of  Cali- 
fornia from  the  Standpoint  of  the 
Rancher. 

Directions  for  the  Tanning  and  Dress- 
ing of  Furs. 


No. 
238. 
239. 

240. 

241. 

242. 
244. 
245. 
246. 

247. 

248. 

249. 
250. 

251. 


252. 
253. 
254. 

255. 

256. 


The  Apricot  in  California. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Apricots  and 
Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Pears  for 
Eastern   Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for 
Eastern   Shipment. 

Poultry  Feeding. 

Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees. 

Vine  Pruning  Systems. 

Desirable  Qualities  of  California  Bar- 
ley for  Export. 

Colonization  and  Rural  Development. 

Some  Common  Errors  in  Vine  Pruning 
and  Their  Remedies. 

Replacing  Missing  Vines. 

Measurement  of  Irrigation  Water  on 
the   Farm. 

Recommendations  Concerning  the  Com- 
mon Diseases  and  Parasites  of 
Poultry    in    California. 

Supports  for  Vines. 

Vineyard  Plans. 

The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase 
Winter  Egg  Production. 

Leguminous  Plants  as  Organic  Fertil- 
izer in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Control  of  Wild  Morning  Glory. 


